The aims of this work were to develop a magnetic carrier system consisting of microspheres made of gelatin for controlled release of doxorubicin and to investigate the ability of fructose, glucose, genipin and 1-ethyl-3(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) as crosslinking agents of gelatin microspheres. In addition, we also investigated the changes in the microspheres’ magnetic properties produced by using magnetite incorporated by three different methods and the doxorubicin release performance by using a constant, oscillating or no external magnetic field. The system obtained with fructose as crosslinker (low toxicity) was superparamagnetic, with high saturation magnetization and release profiles that could be controlled. Among the crosslinkers studied, genipin was the most efficient to reduce the solubility of the gelatin microspheres in water. When ferrous chloride was employed in magnetite synthesis, the Ms showed the highest values (61.6 emu/g), and its use in magnetic gelatin microspheres allowed the production of systems with high magnetization (29.6 emu/g).

Abstract Core-shell magnetic polymer particles were synthesized by seeded suspension polymerization. The core was made of poly(methyl methacrylate-co-divinylbenzene) and a mixture of magnetite, maghemite and goethite (P(MMA-co-DVB)-M). The shell was composed of poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-divinylbenzene) (P(GMA-co-DVB)). These particles were characterized by infrared spectrometry (FTIR), thermal analysis (TG), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). The results showed the formation of core-shells with good magnetic properties (≈7.1 emu/g) and good thermal resistance (≈300 ºC). The light scattering experiments showed that the particle size of these materials changed from 5-90 microns (core) to 5-120 microns (core-shell). Scanning electron microscopic images were useful to show the formation of P(GMA-co-DVB) shells on P(MMA- co-DVB)-M cores. The materials synthesized in this work have potential to be modified and employed in magnetic separation processes in the biotech and environmental fields.

Resumo Os aços inoxidáveis ferríticos vêm ganhando cada vez mais espaço na indústria, devido principalmente a sua grande durabilidade e aplicabilidade. Nos últimos anos, o crescente avanço tecnológico da indústria metal mecânica, possibilitou o desenvolvimento de novas ligas e processos de soldagem deste metal. Em meio a estes processos, a soldagem por resistência tem sido muito utilizada por possibilitar rapidez com custo baixo. Muito embora existam poucas informações disponíveis na literatura, é reconhecido que a união pela mescla da atuação simultânea de calor e deformação, presentes no processo de soldagem por resistência, podem interferir diretamente nas propriedades magnéticas e mecânicas dos aços inoxidáveis ferríticos. Assim, uma avaliação destas características em produtos manufaturados torna-se importante em determinados setores industriais, notadamente nos de equipamentos eletrônicos e metrológicos. O objetivo desse artigo é a observação das tensões residuais e propriedades magnéticas em diferentes níveis de energia de soldagem e deformação no processo de soldagem a ponto por resistência elétrica em chapas de aço AISI 444. Os resultados mostraram que a energia de soldagem e deformação afetam as propriedades magnéticas, por outro lado não existe influência substancial na tensão residual.

Abstract Ferritic stainless steel has been gaining space in the industry, due mainly to its durability and applicability. In recent years, the growing technological advances of the metalworking industry, enabled the development of new alloys and welding processes of this metal. In the midst of these processes, resistance spot welding has been largely used due to the very short process time with low cost. Although there is a lack of available information in the literature, the union of materials by the mixture of the simultaneous action of heat and deformation, present in the resistance spot welding, can affects the mechanical and magnetic properties directly of ferritic stainless steels. Thus, an evaluation of these characteristics in manufactured products becomes important in certain industrial sectors, especially in electronic and metrological equipment. The main objective of this article is the observation of residual stresses and magnetic properties at different levels of welding energy and deformation in the resistance spot welding process steel AISI 444. The results showed that welding and deformation energy affect magnetic properties, on the other hand there is no substantial influence on the residual stress.

In this study, the high energy mechanical milling was utilized to the production of duplex stainless steel powders from the recycling chips with and without the addition niobium carbide. The effect of milling time and addition carbide on the morphology, particle size and magnetic properties of the powders was investigated. The utilization of the powder metallurgy constitute an important alternative for the reuse of waste in the industrial sector. The milling was realized using a planetary ball mill for 20 hours at a milling speed of 350 rpm and ball-to-powder weight ratio of 15:1were used, and the (0% and 3 wt. %) niobium carbide (NbC) addition. Scanning electron microscopy and particle distribution analysis were used for characterization of morphology and measure of particle size. Also, to analyze the transformations of phases were investigated using the magnetic characterization and x-ray diffraction. The results indicated that the addition of niobium carbide results in the reduction of the particle size of steel of the order of 20%, besides the reduces the transformation of austenite into strain induced martensitic phase.

RESUMO O presente trabalho teve como principal objetivo, caracterizar e avaliar a viabilidade do uso de um resíduo sólido proveniente do processo de beneficiamento de areia na produção de revestimentos cerâmicos. Para determinar os principais constituintes, o resíduo sólido foi caracterizado por intermédio da análise química por fluorescência de raios X e as principais fases cristalinas foram determinadas por difração de raios X. Para avaliar os efeitos da adição do resíduo em um material cerâmico, o mesmo foi introduzido em uma massa cerâmica nas proporções de 5 e 10%. Os materiais cerâmicos obtidos foram submetidos a ensaios de retração linear, absorção de água e módulo de resistência à flexão, conforme norma NBR 13818 (1997). Adicionalmente, o resíduo sólido e os materiais cerâmicos obtidos neste trabalho foram classificados quanto a potencial periculosidade ao meio ambiente, conforme a norma NBR 10004 (2004). O resíduo sólido apresentou como principais constituintes o óxido de silício e o óxido de alumínio, contendo respectivamente 50,2% e 19,2% em massa, distribuídos nas formas cristalinas de quartzo e caulinita. Os materiais cerâmicos obtidos após sua queima à temperatura de 1100oC, sem adição e com adição de 10% de resíduo sólido, apresentaram respectivamente módulos de resistência à flexão de 13,99Mpa e 14,60Mpa, os resultados de absorção de água para os materiais sem adição e com adição de 10% de resíduo sólido foram respectivamente de 16,96% e 16,63%, valores estes adequados para a aplicação do produto como revestimento cerâmico conforme a norma NBR 13818 (1997). O resíduo sólido foi classificado como não inerte de acordo com a norma NBR 10004 (2004), apresentando desta forma potencial risco ao meio ambiente. Os materiais cerâmicos obtidos com a adição de 10% de resíduo sólido foram classificados como inertes de acordo com a Norma NBR 10004 (2004), demonstrando a capacidade dos materiais cerâmicos em incorporar resíduos sólidos.

ABSTRACT The current paper had as main aim characterize and assess the use viability of a solid waste from sand beneficiation process in the production of ceramic tiles. To determine the main components the solid waste was characterized by X-ray fluorescence and the main crystalline phases were determined by X-ray diffraction. To evaluate the addition effects of the solid waste over the solid waste was introduced into a ceramic composition in proportions of 5% and 10%. The ceramics materials obtained were subjected to the linear retraction, water absorption and flexural strength analysis according to the Brazilian standard NBR 13818 (1997). Additionally, the solid waste and the ceramic materials obtained in this study were classified according to the Brazilian standard NBR 10004 (2004) to assess the potential environmental impact. The main solid waste constituents identified were silicon dioxide and aluminum oxide, respectively 50.2% e 19.2%, distributed in the crystal forms of quartz and kaolinite. The ceramic materials obtained after firing at 1100oC, without and with 10% of solid waste presented respectively flexural strength of 13.86 MPa and 14,52Mpa. The results of water absorption without and with addition of 10% of solid waste were respectively 16.96% and 16.63%, both appropriate performances for use in ceramic tiles according to the Brazilian standard NBR 13818 (1997). On the other hand, the ceramic materials obtained with the addition of 10% of solid waste were classified as inert materials according to Brazilian standard NBR 10004 (2004), showing the capability of incorporating solid waste in ceramic materials.

In the present work, mixed manganese-copper ferrite of composition MnxCu1-xFe2O4 (within x=0.40, 0.42, 0.44, 0.46, 0.48 and 0.50) have been investigated for their electric and magnetic properties such as dc resistivity, Curie temperature, saturation magnetization. MnxCu1-xFe2O4 ferrite samples were prepared by uniaxial pressing from the oxide mixture, synthesized at 1000°C during 45 hours and finally heated to 1200°C by 5h, at room atmosphere. The X-ray diffractograms show that the samples with different compositions were formed by compact structure spinel with cubic cell. The saturated magnetization of the MnxCu1-xFe2O4 ferrites increased with x up to 0.46, which presented the smallest coercitive field. All samples showed hysteresis characteristic of soft magnetic materials. This electrical behavior is compatible with an insulator. The results were analyzed in the framework of grain/barrier model.

RESUMO Este artigo apresenta a obtenção de uma ferrita de chumbo e cobre com a estrutura do espinélio, a caracterização da sua microestrutura e a determinação das suas propriedades magnéticas. A ferrita de cobre e chumbo é um material com baixa coercividade magnética e alta resistividade elétrica. Amostras com estequiometria PbxCu1-xFe2O4, (x = 0,00; 0,05; 0,10;0,15 e 0,20) foram sintetizadas pelo processo de metalurgia do pó e sinterizadas a 1000 °C por 6 h. Os resultados mostram que a amostra com x = 0,00 é formada pela estrutura do espinélio cúbico e x variando de 0,05 a 0,20 são formadas exclusivamente pela estrutura do espinélio tetragonal. As curvas de histerese mostram características de materiais magnéticos moles e a magnetização de saturação e temperatura de Curie diminuíram com a concentração de chumbo, no entanto observou-se o aumento do campo coercivo.

ABSTRACT This paper presents to obtain a lead and copper ferrite with spinel structure, characterizing the microstructure and the determination of their magnetic properties. The copper and lead ferrite is a material with low magnetic coercivity, high electrical resistivity. Samples with stoichiometry PbxCu1-xFe2O4 with (x = 0.00; 0.05; 0.10; 0.15 e 0.20) were prepared by powder metallurgy processes and sintered at 1000 °C for 6 hours. The results show that sample with x = 0.00 is formed exclusively by the cubic spinel structure and samples with x between 0.05 to 0.20 are formed exclusively by the tetragonal spinel structure hysteresis loops show the characteristics of a soft magnetic material and the saturation magnetization and Curie temperature decreased with the lead concentration, however, noted that the increase in the coercive field.

Microesferas poliméricas à base de metacrilato de metila (MMA), divinilbenzeno (DVB) e material magnético foram preparadas via polimerização por suspensão. Foi estudada a influência da polimerização em suspensão ou semisuspensão, concentração de material magnético e concentração de divinilbenzeno sobre as características das microesferas obtidas. As partículas poliméricas foram caracterizadas por espectroscopia vibracional na região do infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FT-IR), microscopia eletrônica de varredura, analisador de área específica e porosimetria, espalhamento de luz e magnetometria de amostra vibrante. O material magnético também foi caracterizado por FT-IR, além de difratometria de raios X e espectroscopia Mössbauer. Foram obtidas, com sucesso, microesferas poliméricas magnéticas à base de MMA e DVB (P(MMA-co-DVB)-M), contendo partículas magnéticas tanto na superfície quanto no interior da microesfera. As partículas obtidas através de polimerização em semisuspensão apresentaram tamanhos menores e distribuição de tamanhos de partículas mais estreita que as partículas obtidas através de suspensões convencionais. Os compósitos apresentaram um comportamento superparamagnético. As microesferas magnéticas sintetizadas neste trabalho têm potencial para serem modificadas e aplicadas como resinas de troca iônica ou suportes catalíticos.

Magnetic polymeric microspheres based on methyl methacrylate (MMA), divinylbenzene (DVB) and magnetic materials were prepared via suspension polymerization. We studied the influence of the suspension or semi-suspension polymerization, magnetic materials and divinylbenzene concentration on the characteristics of the microspheres. Polymeric particles were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy, accelerated surface area and porosimetry analyzer (ASAP), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The magnetic materials were also characterized by FT-IR, X-ray diffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Magnetic polymeric microspheres based on MMA and DVB (P(MMA-co-DVB)-M), containing magnetic particles on the surface or inside the microspheres, were successfully obtained. The polymer particles obtained through semi-suspension polymerization had smaller sizes and narrower particle size distribution than particles obtained by conventional suspension. The composites showed a superparamagnetic behavior. The magnetic microspheres synthesized in this work have potential to be modified and applied as ion-exchange resins or catalyst supports.

Os aços inoxidáveis duplex são aqueles que possuem uma microestrutura constituída por duas fases distintas, ferrita (α) ferromagnética e austenita (γ) paramagnética, presentes em quantidades aproximadamente iguais. Neste trabalho, a microestrutura do aço duplex UNS S31803 foi modificada através de tratamento térmico (TT) de solubilização à temperatura de 1050°C por 30 minutos, seguido de resfriamento em água. Em seguida, as amostras foram envelhecidas por 5, 15, 30, 60 e 180 minutos, à temperatura de 850°C. Este tratamento promoveu a formação de uma fase deletéria, a fase sigma, que se forma através da decomposição da ferrita, rica nos elementos Cr e Mo, que são formadores desta fase. A formação desta fase altera as propriedades mecânicas e químicas (resistência à corrosão) dos aços duplex e superduplex. As propriedades magnéticas e mecânicas foram avaliadas em cada uma das condições estudadas e correlacionadas com a microestrutura. As propriedades magnéticas das amostras foram obtidas em um Magnetômetro de Amostra Vibrante (MAV), no qual se fez o levantamento da curva de histerese deste material. As propriedades mecânicas das amostras foram caracterizadas por microdureza Vickers empregando-se uma carga de 0,2 kgf. A caracterização microestrutural foi realizada utilizando um microscópio óptico. Com o aumento do tempo de tratamento térmico de envelhecimento, ocorreu o aumento do percentual de fase sigma formada, e diminuição da fase ferrita. Devido a essa transformação, houve alteração das propriedades magnéticas do aço duplex. A fase ferrítica foi calculada através de dois métodos: ferritoscópia e medição da magnetização de saturação; em ambos os casos foi observada a diminuição da fase ferromagnética.

Duplex stainless steels are those that have a microstructure constituted by two phases, ferromagnetic ferrite (α) and paramagnetic austenite (γ), which are present in approximately equal volumetric fraction. In this work, the microstructure of duplex steel UNS S31803 was modified by a thermal solubility treatment at temperature of 1050 °C for 30 minutes, followed by water cooling. Next, specimens were aged for 5, 15, 30, 60 and 180 minutes at temperature of 850°C. This treatment promoted the formation of a deleterious phase, the sigma phase, which is formed by the decomposition of ferrite, rich in the elements Cr and Mo. The formation of this phase changes the mechanical and chemical properties of the duplex and super duplex steels. The magnetic and mechanical properties were evaluated in each of the conditions mentioned and a correlation with the microstructure was made. The magnetic properties of the specimens were obtained in a Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM), where the material hysteresis curves were obtained. The mechanical properties of the samples were characterized by Vickers micro-hardness measurements performed with a load of 0.2 kgf. Microstructural characterization was carried out by using an optical microscope. VSM tests results showed that as the aging time increased, the volume fraction of sigma phase also increased, causing a diminution of the steel duplex magnetic properties. The diminution of the magnetic properties of the duplex steel with the aging time is attributed to the lower fraction of ferrite as more sigma phase is formed by the decomposition of ferrite. The hardness results showed an increasing of the hardness of the material as the aging temperature increased, which confirms the higher brittleness of the steel due to the higher amount of sigma phase.

Magnetic composites have a wide range of potential technological applications; however the evaluation of this material for extraction of phenolic compounds has not been sufficiently studied. Due to its high toxicity and solubility the removal of phenolic compounds from the aquatic environments has critical importance. In this work polymeric composites were prepared by anchoring Ni and Co particles on sulfonatedpoly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) PS-DVB. The PS-DVB beads were synthesized by suspension polymerization and reacted with acetyl sulfate, aiming to obtain sulfonated copolymers. All materials were capable of removing phenol from aqueous solutions. The phenol adsorption kinetics was influenced by the polymer porosity and swelling capacity in water. The composite derivative of the more porous copolymer impregnated with nickel (C1SNi) was the most efficient in phenol removal, with the sorption equilibrium being established more rapidly than for the other composites. The pseudo second-order model was more adequate to describe the phenol adsorption process for the composite C1SNi. The Langmuir model describes successfully the phenol removal by this composite.

Duplex stainless steels are high strength and corrosion resistant steels extensively used in the petrochemical and chemical industries. The aging at 475 ºC for long periods of time provokes embrittlement and deterioration of corrosion resistance. However, short duration aging at 475 ºC may be used as heat treatment to improve mechanical resistance with small decrease in the other properties. In this work the flow stress curves of lean duplex UNS S32304 and duplex UNS S32205 steels were modeled with Hollomon's equation and work hardening exponents (n) were determined. The analyses were conducted in specimens annealed and heat treated at 475 ºC for short periods of time. The aging at 475 ºC for 4 hours, 8 hours and 12 hours promoted significant hardening with small decrease of ductility. The work hardening exponents of both steels were compared, being higher in the duplex steel than in the lean duplex grade.